一种新的棉花黄萎病抗性鉴定方法

介绍了一种新的快速鉴定棉花品种抗黄萎病的方法——六棱塑料钵定量注菌液法 ,与传统的鉴定方法相比具有以下优点 :1使用有底的六棱塑料钵 ,灭菌后可以重复使用 ,减少了制作营养钵的工作量 ,而且其造型有利于棉苗根系下扎生长。2以价格低廉、通透性好、一次性使用、经高温灼烧的蛭石填充营养钵作生长基质 ,可免去灭菌消毒工序 ,也有利于棉苗根系生长发育。3种子催芽技术出苗整齐、生长健壮 ,每钵只种 1～ 2棵棉苗 ,减小了寄主个体间的竞争。4用六棱营养钵培育棉苗时 ,棉苗根系生长健壮且须根紧贴塑料钵内壁生长 ,采用先用粗铁丝定点伤根再定量注菌液的方法 ,有利于病菌的侵入 ,且不会因伤主根而使病情加重     

山西棉花黄萎病菌致病性研究

2001年8月在山西省主产棉区运城、临汾、晋东南、晋中有代表性地取样、分离、纯化、鉴定,取得了19个黄萎病菌代表菌系和3个对照菌系。2002-2003年观察鉴定,山西省的19个代表菌系均属大丽轮枝菌(VerticilliumdahliaeKleb.)。这些菌系在PDA平皿上菌落的增长量、微菌核形成的快慢、数量、形状和大小变化以及黑色素产生的比值等均有差异,其致病力也不同。经温室致病力测定将其划分为3个不同的生理类型,即致病力强的落叶型Ⅰ型、致病力中等的Ⅱ型、致病力弱的Ⅲ型,分别占50.0%、36.4%、13.6%。由于致病力的差异,棉花黄萎病田间的症状表现也不同。     

Inheritance of resistance to Fusarium wilt in Indian lentil germplasm (Lens culinaris Medik.)

Summary Three lentil genotypes resistant to Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lentis viz. Pant L 234, JL 446 and LP 286 were crossed with two susceptible ones. The hybrid plants were all resistant in the eight crosses evaluated. Segregation pattern for wilt reaction in F₂, BC(P₁), BC(P₂) and F₃ generations in field and glasshouse conditions indicated that resistance to Fusarium wilt is under the control of two dominant duplicate genes in Pant L 234 and two independent dominant genes with complementary effects in JL 446 and LP 286. A third dominant gene complementary to the dominant genes in JL 446 and LP 286 is present in two susceptible lines. Allelic tests suggest the presence of five independently segregating genes for resistance. Duplicate dominant genes in Pant L 234 are non-allelic to two dominant genes with complementary effects in LP 286 and JL 446 and the third gene complementary to the two genes in JL 446 and LP 286 in susceptible lines JL 641 and L 9–12. Gene symbols among parental genotypes have been designated.     

大丽轮枝菌粗毒素在棉花根冠细胞生物学测定方法上的研究

在棉花根冠细胞生物测定过程中,棉花黄萎病病菌通过提纯复壮而达到较强的侵染能力,并制备出较多的黄萎病菌粗毒素。介绍了粗毒素的简易制备、根冠细胞培养与制备过程以及染色过程中染色剂的选择、染色时间的长短。实验与传统方法相比有几点改进:总结出细胞振荡时间在1~2 min之内;之后黑暗条件下静置培养2~6 h;选用pH为6.5的0.01%中性红染色3~5 min,之后加入一滴0.2%伊文思兰染色,伊文思兰的染色时间应严格掌握在3min以内等,为根冠细胞测定方法的推广提供了一定的理论支持。     

Fusarium wilt of chickpea: physiological specialization, genetics of resistance and resistance gene tagging

Chickpea wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris is one of the major yield limiting factors in chickpea. The disease causes 10–90% yield losses annually in chickpea. Eight physiological races of the pathogen (0, 1A, 1B/C, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6) are reported so far whereas additional races are suspected from India. The distribution pattern of these races in different parts of the world indicates regional specificity for their occurrence leading to the perception that F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceris evolved independently in different regions. Pathogen isolates also exhibit differences in disease symptoms. Races 0 and 1B/C cause yellowing syndrome whereas 1A, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 lead to wilting syndrome. Genetics of resistance to two races (1B/C and 6) is yet to be determined, however, for other races resistance is governed either by monogenes or oligogenes. The individual genes of oligogenic resistance mechanism delay onset of disease symptoms, a phenomenon called as late wilting. Slow wilting, i.e., slow development of disease after onset of disease symptoms also occurs in reaction to pathogen; however, its genetics are not known. Mapping of wilt resistance genes in chickpea is difficult because of minimal polymorphism; however, it has been facilitated to great extent by the development of sequence tagged microsatellite site (STMS) markers that have revealed significant interspecific and intraspecific polymorphism. Markers linked to six genes governing resistance to six races (0, 1A, 2, 3, 4 and 5) of the pathogen have been identified and their position on chickpea linkage maps elucidated. These genes lie in two separate clusters on two different chickpea linkage groups. While the gene for resistance to race 0 is situated on LG 5 of Winter et al. (Theoretical and Applied Genetics 101:1155–1163, 2000) those governing resistance to races 1A, 2, 3, 4 and 5 spanned a region of 8.2 cM on LG 2. The cluster of five resistance genes was further subdivided into two sub clusters of 2.8 cM and 2.0 cM, respectively. Map-based cloning can be used to isolate the six genes mapped so far; however, the region containing these genes needs additional markers to facilitate their isolation. Cloning of wilt resistance genes is desirable to study their evolution, mechanisms of resistance and their exploitation in wilt resistance breeding and wilt management.     

我国棉花枯萎病基础研究概况

本文主要介绍了７０年代以来，我国在棉花枯萎病基础研究方面取得的成绩，并探讨了今后的发展趋向和存在的问题。     

棉枯萎抗性形成规律的发现与抗性定向培育法

采用棉枯萎人工病床病圃连续群体选择法发现，枯萎抗性转化现象和抗性形成规律：所有供试原感病高产优质品种在病菌连续入侵条件下，病床病株率逐年逐代下降，矮化症状逐年逐代缓解，群体高度逐年逐代上升，表明抗性逐年逐代提高。经５年左右均转化为高抗品种，为寄主免疫功能渐变性定向的遗传适应变异和后天获得抗性遗传的累加作用结果，病理学和生化分析均证实这一解释。获得高抗性后，原品种之丰产性和品质也有改进，不存在抗性丰产性品质间的遗传反相关关系，从而创棉枯萎抗性定向培育原理方法。１９７４～１９９４年，此法已育成抗性、丰产性、品质三兼优或二兼优品种和资源３０余个。     

棉花黄萎病菌致病力变异生理机制的初步研究

在4种不同的温度下对31个致病力不同的菌株及落叶型菌株V991进行PDA平面培养,81.3%的强致病力类型菌株表现为菌丝型,落叶型菌株均为菌丝型,80.00%的中等致病力类型的菌株为中间型,弱致病力类型菌株均为菌核型。20～25℃有利于病原菌产生菌核,30℃的较高温度明显抑制菌核的形成。各菌株在25℃条件下菌落生长最快,分生孢子产量和毒素产量最高;30℃的较高温度下,强致病力类型菌株的菌落直径、分生孢子产量和毒素产量均显著大于中等致病力和弱致病力类型,且落叶型菌株高于非落叶型菌株。     

Mature plant and tissue resistance in the groundnut-peanut bud necrosis virus system

Summary Leaves and plants of different ages of a susceptible and two resistant groundnut genotypes were mechanically inoculated with peanut bud necrosis virus, and the percentage of plants with systemic symptoms (incidence) and the incubation period were determined. The incidence decreased sharply in all three genotypes with the age of the inoculated leaves and plants. The incubation period increased with the age of leaves and plants. Apparently, only young tissue of young plants is susceptible, while mature tissue and plants are highly resistant. This mature tissue and plant resistance occurs irrespective of the susceptibility level of the genotype to peanut bud necrosis virus, however, it develops earlier in the resistant than in the susceptible genotypes.Abbreviations IP₅₀ incubation period - PBNV peanut bud necrosis virus - TSWV tomato spotted wilt virus     

土壤消毒结合施用生物有机肥对西瓜病土改良效果的影响

选取西瓜枯萎病发病严重的大棚,设置5个处理:对照、棉隆熏蒸、棉隆熏蒸后种植西瓜过程中施用不同次数生物有机肥,研究棉隆消毒土壤及配合不同生物有机肥施用次数对土壤理化和生物学性质及西瓜枯萎病发病率的影响。结果表明:棉隆熏蒸土壤后,施用生物有机肥虽未减缓尖孢镰刀菌增长速率、降低西瓜枯萎病发病率,但显著增加了土壤细菌和真菌数量,改变了细菌和真菌群落结构。此外,施用生物有机肥会降低土壤pH,过量施用会导致土壤NO–3累积、盐分增加。从改良土壤微生物群落结构和避免NO–3累积及土壤盐渍化加重角度出发,种植西瓜过程中生物有机肥最佳施用方式为移栽时施用1次+种植过程中追施1～2次。